Different Modes Of Router

Modes Of Router:-

Setup Mode:- (Create the initial configuration.)
Basic Mode:- It gives Enough Configuration.
Extended Mode:- It give the configuration of some global parameters as well as interface.

To Enter Setup Mode just type Yes or y in configuration dialog.

User EXEC Mode:-
In this mode you only get some basic monitoring command of router.
Change terminal setting, limited show command, ping, trace, telnet etc.
you can get a list of available commands by just entering a question mark (?) in any command mode.
 Type "?"

Privileged EXEC Mode:-
In this mode you Monitoring as well as some troubleshooting command of router.
All Show commands, copy, delete, debug etc.

Global Configuration Mode:-
In this mode You Configure router according to requirement like host name, routing configuration etc.
You can modify as well as delete the configuration which affect the router globally.

Line Configuration:-

In this mode you set password to console, auxiliary ports and virtual terminal (VTY) for securing your router from other person (hacker).

 

Interface Configuration:-

In this mode you Configure router interface means you set IP address to ports either it is fastethernet, serial etc. 

Sub-interface Configuration:-

In this mode you create a virtual interface by dividing one physical interface into multiple logical interfaces.

Rommon Mode:-

When you did not remember your router password or any Boot failure with router at that time you use this mode.

Router Modes

Command Mode	Access Method	Prompt	Exit Mode
User EXEC Mode	Start session (By Default)	Router>	Type logout or exit command
Privilege EXEC Mode	Use enable command	Router#	Type disable command
Global Configuration Mode	Use configure or configure terminal	Router(config)#	Type exit command or press "ctrl+z"
Interface Configuration	Interface command	Router(config-if)#	Type exit, end command or press "ctrl+z"
Sub-interface Configuration	Sub-interface with interface command	Router(config-subif)#	Type exit command
Rommon Mode	Use reload command (press ctrl+pause break or ctrl+c at the time of booting process)	rommon 1>	Some router support reset, reboot and reload command for exit from rommon mode.
Line Configuration	Use line command	Router(config-line)#	Type exit command

Cisco Router

Router

⦁ A router is a networking device which makes communication possible between two or more different network present in same or different geographical locations.

⦁ It works on layer 3 of the OSI model so it is known as L3 device.
⦁ It also selects the best path at minimum cost from the routing table and    forward the packet which is the best one for communication.

Vendors of Router:-

⦁ Cisco
⦁ Juniper
⦁ Nortel
⦁ Multicom
⦁ D-Link
⦁ Linksys
⦁ 3com

Cisco Three-Layered Hierarchical Model:-

A. Access Layer :- Router which is used by the small organization and are also known as the Desktop or Company layer routers. Router series: 800,1000,1600,1700,2500 etc.

B. Distribution Layer:- Router which is used by the ISPs and are also known as an ISP layer Router. Router series: 2600,3200,3600 etc.

C. Core layer:- Router which is used by the Global ISPs and are also known as Backbone Router. Router Series: 6400,7200,7400,10000 etc.

Classification of Router:-

Fixed Router:-
It’s also known as Non-Upgradeable Router Because in this router we can’t add or remove the Ethernet or serial interface according to own requirement.
It does not have any slot for adding or removing the interface.

Modular Router:-
It’s also known as Upgradeable Router Because in this router we can add or remove the Ethernet or serial interface according as per the requirement.
It has number of slot for adding or removing the interface.

Bringing up a Router:-

⦁ First switch-on and it goes for Power-on self Test (POST).
⦁ It load Cisco IOS from flash memory if it present on it.
⦁ The IOS then proceeds to load and looks for a valid configuration which is stored by default in non-volatile RAM, or NVRAM.
⦁ IOS is decompressed into RAM
⦁ After IOS is decompressed into RAM, the IOS then loaded and start running the router.

Fig: Bringing Up a Router

Following Message Appear when we first boot or reload a router:

Fig: Cisco Router IOS

Subnetting

Note:

Step 1: 1st we represent the / value in binary notation. calculate the CIDR value for New Subnet Mask (N.S.M).

Step 2: 1st we check how many on-bit in your IP-Address for example 195.168.10.1 this IP belongs to Class C and there is total 3-network and one host (N=24 bits, H=8 bits). 1st we check how many on-bit in your Host part not in network part. if there is any on-bits in your Host part then you put in formula
i.e. (2^on-bits)

Step 3: In this step we check how many off-bits in your IP address. for example: Total 8 off-bits & put these number of bits in formula
i.e. (2^off-bits-2)

Step 4: In Block Size we directly subtract your N.S.M with 256.
i.e. (256 - N.S.M)

Step 5: Range always start from 0. i.e. (0-255)

How to calculate Subnetting?

Q.1 Subnet the IP Address 195.168.10.0/24?a) How many subnet?b) How many host per subnet?c) What is block size?d) What is the range?e) What is the broadcast address?

Solution:

IP Address     =    195.168.10.0/24
Subnet mask  =    255.255.255.0 (class c)

In binary notation
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
New Subnet Mask  = 255.255.255.0

Number of Subnet = (2^on-bits)
                               = 20
                               = 1

Number of host/subnet = (2^off-bits-2)
                       = 28
                       = 256

Block Size = (256 – New Subnet Mask)
          = 256 – 0
          = 256

Range        = (0-255)

1st Subnet:
IP Address          = 195.168.10.0
1st Valid Host     = 195.168.10.1
2nd Valid Host    = 195.168.10.2
                                                   -
                                                   -
                                                   -
Last Valid Host   = 195.168.10.254
Broadcast      = 195.168.10.255


a) Number of Subnet = 1
b) Host/subnet           = 256
c) Block Size             = 256
d) Range                    = (0-255)
e) Broadcast address = 195.168.10.255

Default Routing

Default Route is also known as gateway of last resort which is a special type of static route. Static route allows traffic to be forwarded even without a specific route to a particular network.In default route all network and subnet mask is identified by all zeros (0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0).

• It is used when the destination is unknown, for example internet.
• It can also be used at the end location where there is only one exit path for any destination.
• Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing table.
• If the routers do not find an entry for the destination network in a routing table the router will forward the packet to its default route.
• It’s also known as default gateway.

Router 0:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial 0/1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#do write
Building configuration...
[OK]

• Configure a Default Routing Protocol:
Router(config)#ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [next hop/exit interface]
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.00.0.0.0 192.168.30.2

Router 1:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial 0/1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no clock rate
This command applies only to DCE interfaces
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#do write
Building configuration...
[OK]

• Configure a Default Routing Protocol:
Router(config)#ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [next hop/exit interface]
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.30.1

Static Routing Protocol

• Static routing is not really a type of routing protocol, but it is a network routing technique because it usually managed by the network administrator for configuration as well as a selection of a network route. 
• Static routing can be used if there is the smallest network for route configuration and there is no need to exchange any change in route in the future.
• It is easy to configure, but it is done manually.
• It used for small organizations because the administrator needs to learn all the routes.
• It doesn’t handle failures outside the networks well because it reconfigured or any update done manually to fix the network problem.
• In static routing administrator constructs the routing table for every router by inserting all the entries of network (destination).
• Static routes have an Administrative Distance (AD) of 1.
• It is very secure because it can’t send any advertisement, like other routing protocols.
• In static routing protocol there is no routing algorithm or update mechanism are required (no need extra CPU and memory).
• If there is any link fails, then static route can’t reroute traffic automatically. It needs to reroute traffic manually.

Static Routing

 Configuration  a static routing:

Router 1:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.165.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial0/1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

 Configure a static route:
Router(config)# ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [next hope IP]
Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 20.1.1.2

Router 2:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial0/1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.1.1.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

 Configure a static route:
Router(config)# ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [next hope IP / exitinterface ]
Router(config)#ip route 192.165.10.0 255.255.255.0 20.1.1.1

NOTE :
• Next hope IP is the IP address of the directly connected router which the packet will
be send, after it leaves the Router1.
• Exit interface is the interface of Router1 which the packet leaving

OSPF Routing Protocols

• OSPF is an open standard routing protocol, it means it is implemented for large scale that are not used by other routing protocols either it is a distance vector(RIP) or hybrid protocol (EIGRP), and it works on a variety of network vendor including Cisco. It uses Dijkstra algorithm, i.e. best for implementing in a hierarchical design. 

• OSPF introduce the concept of areas for managing and controlling the network traffic. It creates a neighbor relationship with adjacent routers in the same area.

• OSPF provides hierarchical network design with multiple different areas and all other areas must be connected to the area 0. 

• OSPF uses a multicast address (224.0.0.5) for routing updates (all OSPF routers), but all designated routers use the different multicast address (224.0.0.6) for routing updates.

• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol which is also known as “shortest path first” protocol.

• It creates three separate tables for understanding the inter-network.

• First table gets all the information about directly connected neighbor. 

• Second table determines the topology of the entire inter-network. 

• Third tables used as routing table.

• OSPF consists of the areas and autonomous systems. 

• It have unlimited hop count.

• On OSPF routing overhead is decreased and convergence is faster. 

• It sends the packets after every 5 seconds. 

• It also supports authentication. 

• It only supports equal cost load balancing. Metric is cost (cost= 10^8/b.w).

IP ADDRESS

IP stands for Internet protocol. An IP address is a unique 32-bits logically assigned binary number of four octets (8-bits), which is represented in decimal notation, designed for a particular device. Hosts and routers used in the TCP/IP protocol suite are identified by the IP addresses. The IP address is also divided into classes and each class has its specific range

Continue reading

Wireless

Wireless

The institute of electrical and electric appliances (IEEE) on the organization that defines industry wide standards in the fields of electrics and computing has set guidelines or standards for wireless networking commonly called the wireless fidelity (WI-FI) standard.

Basic of wireless Networking:

For the distribution of data, the wireless network standard uses cellular radio signals or links to provides network connectivity to PCs and laptop through a transmitter/receiver unit (transceiver), generally known as an access point or wireless access point (WAP). WAP transmit and receiver signals to and from wireless network adapters.

Following are vital factors of it:

 1) Weather condition between satellite and PC may reduce the power of the signal in a network because of the interface caused by induced electromagnetic waves due to cloud collision. This distorts the signals, which in turn affects the transmission of the signal over a network.

 2) Security

 3) Speed

• Hardware Requirement of a wireless Network:

Wirelesses networking capability of one form or another are built into many modern computing devices. Infrared transceiver ports have been made standardized computers, wireless Ethernet and Bluetooth capabilities are increasingly becoming popular as integrated components, or can easily be added by using peripheral component interconnect (PCI) or personal computer memory card International Association (PCMCIA) add-on cards.

• Wireless Access Point (WAP):

WAP is a device that sends and receives data signals that are used to establish a connection between two devices in a network. WAP is also referred to as a transceiver because it is used to transmit and receive data signals. A transceiver enables a user to connect two or more wireless devices and communicate with other users. WAP also acts as the point interconnection between WLAN.

    WAP can be divided into two types, hardware access point and software access point. Hardware access point is to define as a physical device used to establish a connection between two devices and software access point is defined as computers that include a wireless network interface card.

Hardware and Software

Monitor

• Cathode Ray Tube Monitor:

It is invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun. A beam of electrons strikes towards the CRT, and the collision of electrons with phosphorus produce light.(more about this topic and LED also).

• Liquid Crystal Display Monitor (LCD):

It uses thin film transistor technology to display. The TFT is a part of the LCD. The main difference between LCD and TFT monitor is that the TFT monitor uses a tiny transistor for each pixel on the display. This allows the electrical current that illuminates the display to be turned on and off at a faster rate. Which makes the display brighter and shows motion smoother. These transistors are used in high-quality flat panel LCDs. The LCD monitor’s do not use this technology due to this LCD display could not keep up with fast moving images.

Characteristics of a Monitor:

Dot pitch is also called pixel pitch. It is the measurement that represents the diagonal distance between colored phosphorous dots on the display screen. The dot pitch for monitor in personal computer ranges from 0.15mm - 0.30mm. Refresh rate represents the number of times the image is displayed per second. The number is measured in Hz. Higher refresh rate less image flicker on the screen refresh rate less than the 60Hz produces an image flickering, meaning the image appears again and again.

Monitor Cable Technology:

1. Video Graphics Array (VGA):
VGA card represents the computer display standard introduced with the IBM in 1987. It is a video adapter, which is used for transferring the video signals in the monitor. A generic VGA has 15 pins and each pin (except of 3 spare pins) is defined for transferring a particular color signal. The display information is sent to the monitor in the analog form through a VGA. Nowadays VGA adapters not fully support the use of digital monitors, a new standard cable DVI has been designed.

2. Digital Video Interface (DVI):
DVI technology is based on transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS), which introduces a transmission method for sending digital information to a PC. It is developed by silicon image, which produces a high-speed digital-interface. TMDS receives signal from the resolution and refresh rate that the monitor uses, and spreads the signals out over the bandwidth to optimize the data transfer from the system (CPU) to monitor.

BIOS:

The BIOS Setup utility is installed with a set of default value designed that ensures that the system operates efficiently. The Bios setup utility stores information about the motherboard components and the configuration of other devices that are connected to it and use this information to test and initialize the components when it is started.

In case you want to add new components to your system such as the disk drive, then you will have to make changes to the BIOS setup utility. In certain circumstances, the system may generate an error message, which make changes to the BIOS setup utility. This happens when the system finds an error during the power on self-test that it carries out at startup. 

POST:

The POST stands for Power on Self-Test. POST is a diagnostic testing sequence that runs a computer's basic input/output system to determine if the keyboard, mouse, RAM, disk drive and other hardware components are working correctly then the computer begins to boot. However, if the hardware components are not detected or it is not working properly, the BIOS generates an error message. It acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware when booting.

Setup:
The setup function is a menu-drive program. It helps you configure the motherboard and the chipset settings.

Bootstrap Loader:

It is a program which resides in the ROM of the computer and is automatically executed by the processor when the computer is turned on. It is the responsibility of the bootstrap loader to load the operating system from the floppy or hard disk drives to load the operating system towards the normal functioning of the computer.

Manufacturers of BIOS:

i) American Megatrends Inc. (AMI): AMI was the 1st manufacturer to build motherboards based on Intel's 386 and 486 processor platform. It was founded in 1984.

ii) Award: It is a leading manufacturer of BIOS, and Now merged with Phoenix Technologies.

iii) MR BIOS: It was manufactured by Microid Research Inc. which was founded in 1989.

iv) Phoenix Technologies: It was founded in 1979 and developed its 1st commercial BIOS in 1983.

Basic Command of Router & Switch...

Router & Switch Administrator Function:

Configure Console Password:
Router(config)#hostname RBS
RBS(config)#line console 0
RBS(config-line)#password 123
RBS(config-line)#login
RBS(config-line)#exit
RBS(config)#do write

Configure Auxiliary Password:
Router(config)#hostname RBS
RBS(config)#line aux 0
RBS(config-line)#password 12345
RBS(config-line)#login
RBS(config-line)#exit
RBS(config)#do write

Configure Virtual terminal Password:
Router(config)#hostname RBS
RBS(config)#line vty 0 4
RBS(config-line)#password 12345
RBS(config-line)#login
RBS(config-line)#exit
RBS(config)#do write

Configure Enable & Secret Password:
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Router(config)#enable secret rbs@123

Encrypt Password:
Router(config)#service password-encryption

Set Banner:

Router(config)#banner MOTD "Happy Birth Day"

Social Media 1

Update Facebook profile picture without notifying everyone

Also read: Ways to download photo albums from Facebook

CCNA

Hello Friends:

Question Asked In Interview:
1.what is Rip Routing Protocol?
2.Define Rip Routing Protocol?
3.Why we use Rip Routing Protocol?
4.Difference between Ripv1 and Ripv2?
5.What is the purpose of Rip Routing Protocol?

RIP :

• Router RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol (RIP).

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an interior gateway protocol used by routers to exchange routing information.

• Rip is most commonly used routing protocol for Managing the Router information 

• It is a Distance Vector Routing Protocol. 

• It sends the complete Routing Information or Routing table after every 30 Seconds. 

• Rip Only uses the hop count (means how many numbers of routers are present in between of Sources to Destination) 

• By Default the Maximum hop count of Rip is 15 after 15 it Drop the packet (it will not able to communicate with router number 16 which is present in the root)

• Rip Send the Updates to the whole network through broadcast.

• It supports load balancing over the same cost paths 

• It is two Types Rip v1 and Rip V2 

• Rip v1 is a classfull, but Rip v2 is a classless routing protocol

• It is easy to configure.

Difference between Rip v1 & v2:-

1. Rip Version1 (v1) Support classful routing protocol and it does not support VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking).
2. Rip Version2 (v2) Support classless routing protocol and it support VLSM.
3. Rip v1 updates the packets or send through broadcast (255.255.255.255) which reduces the network traffic. 
4. Rip v2 updates all the packets through Multicast (224.0.0.9) not broadcast.
5. RIP v1 doesn’t support authentication. 
6. Rip v2 support authentication.
7. Rip v1  both are Distance vector (DV) routing protocol Rip v2 DV routing protocol with routing enhancements built into it because of its feature it is known as Hybrid routing protocol
8. Rip v1 does not support for discontinuous networks. Rip v2 support the discontinuous network.
9. Rip v1 does not support MD5 authentication for routing updates. Rip v2 supports MD5 authentication for routing updates
10. Rip v1 don’t support manual route summarization. Rip v2 support manual route summarization.

SMPS

SMPS

Power is important for the working of any electronic device, such as computers. The Power Supply is essential for the functioning of the computer and its conditional components. Power issues probably are more responsible for more PC Problems than any other single source.
                                  A Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS), is an electronic power supply unit. It helps to convert the input power to a supply unit. It helps you to convert the input power to a controlled Voltage. A computer works on DC power supply; however, the power socket provides you with AC power supply.
                                              

Fig: SMPS

Power Supply:
The power is supplied to the computer in two stages. In the first stage, the power is transmitted to the computer through a power transmitted to the computer through a power cord from the power socket. In the second stage, the internal power supply transforms this standard household electricity into the form that the computer needs.
Elements of Power Supply:
There are three main elements in a basic power supply namely Transformer, Rectifier and Filter Depending on the requirements of the user.
1. Transformer: It converts the AC Line voltage to a more appropriate voltage level according to the needs of the circuit to be powered. The AC Line voltage is not suitable for electronic circuits. Most of the circuits require considerably lower voltage while a few require higher voltage.

2. Rectifier: It Prevent the occurrence of alteration between the transformer and the AC line. It also forces the current to flow in one direction is known as rectification and the circuit that accomplishes this task is known as the rectifier.

3. Filter: It reduces the pulses from the rectifier to a much smaller ripple voltage. A properly designed filter provides a DC output voltage with only a small AC ripple.
                                                        

Types of Power Supply:
In the reference to electronic devices, power supply can be classified into two major categories:
1. Liner Power Supply
2. SMPS

1. Liner Power Supply: - A Liner Power Supply powered by AC, uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the mains to a different, usually lower voltage. If you are using it to produce a DC, then you need to use a rectifier. To smooth the pulsating current from the rectifier, a capacitor is used. But still there is some small periodic deviation from smooth direct current will remain which is known as a ripple. The unregulated power supply produces the voltage that varies depending on the load and on variation in the AC supply voltage.

2. SMPS: - In SMPS, to obtain DC voltage, the AC mains input is directly rectified without the use of a transformer. Then, a high speed electronic switch is used to slice this voltage into small pieces. As the power output requirements increases, the size of these slices also grows.
                                                        

Power Connectors:
Power Connector is an electrical connector that is used to carry DC or low frequency AC power with the help of power connectors, the power supply unit provides current to the different components of a system which includes motherboard, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive and different other components.
                                                         

Fig: Different Types of Connector

AT Power Connectors:
AT (Advanced Technology) power connector have two 6-wire connectors named P8 and P9 which are to be connected to the motherboard with black wires facing each other, inside. The various form factors of the power supply such as PC/XT, AT, Baby AT and LPX use a pair of 6-wires connectors known as AT style connectors to connect the power supply to the motherboard.

ATX Power Connectors:
ATX (Advance Technology Extended) Power Connector is a 20-pins connector which outputs 6 types of voltages. ATX style power connectors are used by ATX/NLX form factors.

PIN Signal  Colour1 Colour2
1 3.3 v Orange              Violet
2 3.3 v Orange              Violet
3          Ground Black Black
4 5 v Red Red
5 Ground Black Black
6 5 v Red Red
7 Ground Black Black
8 PW-ok Orange Orange
9 5 v – SB Brown Brown
10 12 v Yellow Yellow
11 3.3 v Orange Violet
12 -12 v Blue Blue
13 Ground Black Black
14 PS – on Green Grey
15 Ground Black Black
16 Ground Black Black
17 Ground Black Black
18 -5 v White White
19 5 v Red Red
20 5 v Red Red

Standard Peripheral Power Connector:
It is also known as “4-pin Molex”. The 4-wire connectors are used by the disk drive power connectors.
Pin Color Description
1 Yellow +12v
2 Black Ground
3 Black Ground
4 Red +5v


Floppy Drive Power Connector:
It also known as mini-plug are used in the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.

Power Switch:
The older form factor desktop PC/XT cases had the power switch at the back of machine, usually on the right side of case. The switch was actually inside the power supply itself, with a hole cut out in the case. So that it could be reached from the outside.

Power Supply Fan:
It is the primary source to dissipate heat from the entire computer, since the earliest computers. The fan is traditionally located at the rear of the power supply, and special vents are provided for it in the case of the supply itself to allow for it to exhaust. Most fans use +12v power to operate, despite the fact that the wires that run to them are normally red for the +12v line, and black for the ground. The standard size of a computer cooling fan is about 3.25 or 80 mm sq.

Cooling System:
For cooling the system components, drive coolers and baby coolers are used. The drive coolers contain a fan that blows the air and cools the hard disk. They are attached to the hard disk drive using a thermal conductive tape. The bay cooler is also used for cooling the hard disk. the bay cooler has fans to cool the device which is mounted in the "5.25". The hard disk is placed in the bay.

Types of Cooling System:

a) Fan:
The system power supply and the system case contains a fan in it that helps conduit air flow in or out from the system case. This helps in cooling the components located inside the system case and prevents them from being damaged. To cool the microprocessor, you can attach a fan on it.

b) Heat Sink:
A Heat Sink is an object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object using thermal interns of the computers a heat sink absorbs heat from the processor and the air flowing over the heat sink cools the microprocessor. it is used to cool the microprocessor and other chips on the system.