Network:
A network means a set of connected computers. It consists of two or more computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of sharing resources and information (printers, scanner, file servers and other). All computers are connected to each other through wired or wireless channel is known as a network.
Example: Internet- connecting Billions of people all over the world.
Different Types of Network:
o Area Network
o Network Protocol
o Network Design
o Network Topology
o Wired or Wireless
Area Network:
Two or more computer connecting together for sharing information is called network.
Network is a combination of different hardware and software.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data-link Layer
1. Application Layer:
This layer is similar to the session, presentation and application layers of the OSI model. The following are some protocols used in this layer:
§ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): It used in World Wide Web (www).
§ File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It Transfer files between hosts and client.
§ Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP): It acts as a base for FTP and is used for uploading
files.
§ Telnet: It helps in establishing a connection on client computer in a terminal emulation
code. (Telecommunication network).
§ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): It transfers of mail.
§ Domain Name System (DNS): Protocol that uses names rather than number for
accessing hosts.
2. Transport Layer:
It is the layer where the sending and receiving of data packets takes place between two hosts. The TCP and UDP (user datagram protocol) define here:
Transmission Control Protocol: It refers to a connection- oriented protocol, which is sequentially, discarding duplicate data, and resending of discarded host packets of data. Data packets transmitted by TCP remains in the same order as the transmitted data packets flow in a single stream. TCP also ensures the transmission of data packets between the hosts.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
It refers to a connectionless, unreliable protocol, which is used for streamlining of data. The delivery of data packets to the target host is not ensured in this protocol. UDP is best applied in DNS. It is faster as compared to TCP.
3. Network Layer:
The Network layer, also known as the internet layer is the layer where data are addressed. This layer is responsible for carrying data from the source to the target. Other protocols used in the working of network layer are:
Internet Protocol: Refers to a protocol used for routing of data to various IP addresses in form of the datagram. IP does not send a datagram (a group of packets, consisting of data or information) in the order in which it received and also does not reorder data while sending the datagram back to the sender.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): It helps to convert IP address to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, or the physical address present on Network Interface Card (NIC) of each device.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): It helps in connecting a computer to a network for the first time. RARP determines the IP address from a known MAC address.
Internet Control Message protocol (ICMP): It acts a base for ping commands. This protocol is used to report problems with the delivery of IP datagrams within an IP network.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): It helps in multicasting, the data to multiple IP addresses at the same time.
4. Data-link Layer:
The Data-link layer provides a link to connect the node to the network. This layer is used to move packets (known as data frames) between the network layer interfaces of two different hosts using the same link. The process of transmitting and receiving packets from a given link can be controlled. It performs functions such as physical addressing (adding a header to the frame). If two or more devices are connected to the same link, then the layer having control over the link is determined by the Data-link layer.
A network means a set of connected computers. It consists of two or more computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of sharing resources and information (printers, scanner, file servers and other). All computers are connected to each other through wired or wireless channel is known as a network.
Example: Internet- connecting Billions of people all over the world.
Different Types of Network:
o Area Network
o Network Protocol
o Network Design
o Network Topology
o Wired or Wireless
Area Network:
Two or more computer connecting together for sharing information is called network.
Network is a combination of different hardware and software.
Computer network are categorized into different ways:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network is a collection of computers and network devices which is connected to each other within a limited area or small geographical area (such as home, school, and building etc.) and capable of sending as well as receiving the data i.e. Printer, scanner and storage device.
Metropolitan Area Network is a type of network, which consists of a large network across several buildings in the same town or city. Generally it connects several LAN s together to form a large network i.e. MAN
Wide Area Network is a network which occupies large geographical area. There is no limitation to space or area (building, town, and city). It is a combination of LAN s as well as MAN s network together to form WAN. The best example is Internet in which people can interact with other person across the country (ex- video calling, email and others).
TCP/IP MODEL:
Understanding TCP/IP protocol suite:
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol is
the two way communication protocol, which is used to send and receive data from
one computer to the other over a network. TCP /IP
uses the client/server model of communication in which a user (client) requests
the host computer (server) for services. Thereby establishing communication a TCP /IP protocol is not just a single networking
protocol, but a collection of protocols, which are used for defining the
standards for working on the internet. An IP address is used in a TCP /IP network.
Layer of TCP/IP:
The framework for the TCP/IP protocol suite is defined as a five layer model similar to OSI model which has 7 layers.1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data-link Layer
1. Application Layer:
This layer is similar to the session, presentation and application layers of the OSI model. The following are some protocols used in this layer:
§ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): It used in World Wide Web (www).
§ File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It Transfer files between hosts and client.
§ Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP): It acts as a base for FTP and is used for uploading
files.
§ Telnet: It helps in establishing a connection on client computer in a terminal emulation
code. (Telecommunication network).
§ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): It transfers of mail.
§ Domain Name System (DNS): Protocol that uses names rather than number for
accessing hosts.
2. Transport Layer:
It is the layer where the sending and receiving of data packets takes place between two hosts. The TCP and UDP (user datagram protocol) define here:
Transmission Control Protocol: It refers to a connection- oriented protocol, which is sequentially, discarding duplicate data, and resending of discarded host packets of data. Data packets transmitted by TCP remains in the same order as the transmitted data packets flow in a single stream. TCP also ensures the transmission of data packets between the hosts.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
It refers to a connectionless, unreliable protocol, which is used for streamlining of data. The delivery of data packets to the target host is not ensured in this protocol. UDP is best applied in DNS. It is faster as compared to TCP.
3. Network Layer:
The Network layer, also known as the internet layer is the layer where data are addressed. This layer is responsible for carrying data from the source to the target. Other protocols used in the working of network layer are:
Internet Protocol: Refers to a protocol used for routing of data to various IP addresses in form of the datagram. IP does not send a datagram (a group of packets, consisting of data or information) in the order in which it received and also does not reorder data while sending the datagram back to the sender.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): It helps to convert IP address to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, or the physical address present on Network Interface Card (NIC) of each device.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): It helps in connecting a computer to a network for the first time. RARP determines the IP address from a known MAC address.
Internet Control Message protocol (ICMP): It acts a base for ping commands. This protocol is used to report problems with the delivery of IP datagrams within an IP network.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): It helps in multicasting, the data to multiple IP addresses at the same time.
4. Data-link Layer:
The Data-link layer provides a link to connect the node to the network. This layer is used to move packets (known as data frames) between the network layer interfaces of two different hosts using the same link. The process of transmitting and receiving packets from a given link can be controlled. It performs functions such as physical addressing (adding a header to the frame). If two or more devices are connected to the same link, then the layer having control over the link is determined by the Data-link layer.
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